Fear and Greed Index: a complete guide
What is the Fear and Greed Index?
The Fear and Greed Index is a sentiment indicator designed to gauge the emotions driving financial markets. It assesses whether market participants are acting out of fear or greed, helping to provide insight into market trends. Although it’s not a tradable instrument, it serves as a potentially valuable economic indicator for understanding market sentiment.
By analysing prevailing emotions, traders can better understand potential market movements and make informed decisions. There are Fear and Greed indices tailored to various markets and financial instruments, reflecting the unique dynamics of each sector.
Here are the two most common fear and greed indexes:
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The stock market Fear and Greed Index measures the overall sentiment of the US stock market, reflecting how emotions in trading can drive market behaviour. Introduced by CNN Money (now CNN Business) in 2012, the index operates on a scale from 0 (extreme fear) to 100 (extreme greed), with a score near 50 representing neutral sentiment.
This index helps traders assess whether the market is potentially overvalued or undervalued based on emotional reactions rather than fundamentals. It also provides insights into crowd psychology, showing how collective emotions can fuel market volatility and impact trading behaviour.
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The Crypto Fear and Greed Index was introduced by alternative.me, an online platform that provides alternatives to software, apps, and websites. Similar to the stock market Fear and Greed Index, this index assigns a score from 0 to 100 to reflect the current cryptocurrency market sentiment.
At present, the Crypto Fear and Greed Index only measures market sentiment for bitcoin (BTC), though the website has plans to expand coverage and ‘offer separate indices for large altcoins soon’. This means that in the future, the concept could be applied to other cryptocurrencies like ethereum (ETH) or solana (SOL), broadening the index’s ability to gauge market sentiment across various digital assets.
How does the Fear and Greed Index work?
The stock market Fear and Greed Index works by analysing seven key market indicators that reflect trader behaviour in the US stock market. These indicators measure factors like market volatility, stock price strength, and demand for safe-haven assets, each representing a unique element of market sentiment. The indicators are equally weighted to produce a score between 0 and 100, where 0 reflects extreme fear and 100 reflects extreme greed. A score between 40 and 60 indicates mostly neutral sentiment.
The index acts like a barometer, with the needle swinging left toward fear when traders are risk-averse and right toward greed when risk appetite increases. Traders often use this information to gauge whether the market is overvalued or undervalued and make strategic decisions accordingly.
The Crypto Fear and Greed Index works on the same core principle as the stock market Fear and Greed Index, measuring market sentiment for bitcoin on a scale from 0 to 100. An index score close to zero indicates extreme fear, a score near the middle indicates neutral sentiment, while a score close to 100 signals extreme greed.
Stock market Fear and Greed Index indicators
The seven indicators that make up the stock market Fear and Greed Index are stock price momentum, stock price strength, stock price breadth, put and call options, market volatility, safe haven demand, and junk bond demand. Each of these indicators is scored individually, and the average of these scores constitutes the overall Fear and Greed Index reading.
Here are the seven indicators in more depth:
- Stock price momentum compares the US 500 index to its 125-day moving average (MA) to assess market trends. If the index is above its 125-day MA, it suggests positive momentum, indicating greed. Conversely, if it is below, it suggests negative momentum, indicating fear.
- Stock price strength evaluates the number of stocks hitting 52-week highs versus those hitting 52-week lows on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and Nasdaq Stock Market. A higher number of stocks reaching new highs indicates greed, while more stocks hitting new lows indicates fear.
- Stock price breadth analyses the volume of shares traded in rising stocks compared with those in falling stocks on the NYSE. A higher trading volume in rising stocks indicates greed, while a higher trading volume in declining stocks indicates fear.
- Put and call options examine the ratio of put options (used to sell assets) versus call options (used to buy assets) on the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) to gauge market expectations. A higher ratio of put options indicates fear, as traders are hedging against potential price declines. Conversely, more call options signals greed, as traders are betting on price increases.
- The Volatility Index (VIX) often referred to as the ‘fear index’, measures market volatility and risk, particularly focusing on a 50-day moving average. A higher VIX reflects greater market fear and uncertainty, while a lower VIX suggests greed and market complacency.
- The safe haven demand indicator measures the demand for safer assets, such as US Treasury bonds, compared to stocks in the US 500 index. When demand for treasury bonds increases, it signals fear as traders seek safety. Conversely, when traders favour stocks over bonds, it may indicate greed, as they are more willing to take risks.
- Junk bond demand looks at the yield spread between lower-rated, higher-yield junk bonds and investment-grade bonds, based on the ICE BofA US High Yield Index and ICE BofA US Corporate Index. A narrowing spread suggests that traders are willing to take on more risk for higher returns (greed), while a widening spread indicates risk aversion (fear).
Crypto Fear and Greed Index indicators
The six indicators that make up the Crypto Fear and Greed Index are bitcoin price volatility, market momentum/volume, social media, dominance, trends and surveys. Each of these indicators is weighted and scored individually, and the average of these scores constitutes the overall Crypto Fear and Greed Index reading. Note that the ‘surveys’ indicator is currently paused.
Here are the six indicators in more depth:
- Bitcoin price volatility measures the current volatility and max. declines of bitcoin and compares them with the corresponding average values of the last 30 days and 90 days. An unusual increase in volatility is often considered a sign of a fearful market, indicating heightened uncertainty among traders.
- Market momentum/volume tracks the current trading volume and market momentum relative to the averages over the last 30 and 90 days. High buying volumes during an uptrend on a daily basis indicates high levels of greed. Conversely, high trading volumes during a downtrend signals high levels of fear.
- Social media sentiment collects and counts posts across various hashtags related to each cryptocurrency, with a particular focus on bitcoin-related Twitter activity. This indicator evaluates the rate of interactions and the number of posts within specific timeframes. An unusually high interaction rate signifies increased public interest in the cryptocurrency, corresponding to greed.
- Surveys conducted weekly to gauge public sentiment by asking participants about their perceptions of the market. Typically receiving between 2,000 and 3,000 votes per poll, these surveys used to provide valuable insights into the collective sentiment of crypto investors. This indicator is currently paused.
- Dominance assesses an individual cryptocurrency’s market capitalisation share relative to the entire crypto market. For bitcoin, an increase in dominance often indicates fear, as investors shift away from speculative altcoin investments and view bitcoin as a safe haven. Conversely, a decrease in bitcoin's dominance suggests that investors are becoming more greedy, allocating funds to riskier altcoins in anticipation of the next major bull run.
- Trends analyse data from Google Trends for various bitcoin-related search queries, focusing on changes in search volumes and popular related searches. For example, a significant rise in searches for terms like ’bitcoin price manipulation’ signals fear in the market. These trend changes are incorporated into the index to reflect shifts in market sentiment.
Historical Fear and Greed Index readings
The Fear and Greed Index is often considered a reliable market indicator for US stocks, and analysing its historical readings can provide traders with valuable insights into how market sentiment might influence potential future market movements.*
The index reached levels of extreme greed in early 2018, when readings above 80 coincided with a strong bull market where stock prices rose rapidly. The high readings reflected investor optimism and aggressive risk-taking behaviour. Shortly after, in February 2018, the market experienced a significant correction, with the US 500 falling by over 10%. The extreme greed reading preceded the market downtown, and gave a signal of overvalued conditions and potential reversals.
In March 2020, during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Fear and Greed index plummeted to extreme fear levels, with readings below 10, reflecting widespread panic and uncertainty. Shortly after these lows, aggressive fiscal and monetary stimulus measures were introduced, leading to a strong market recovery. Traders who recognised the extreme fear reading as a potential buy signal could have capitalised on the subsequent rally.
However, there are instances where the Fear and Greed Index has provided false signals. For example, in late 2019, the index indicated levels of greed, suggesting that the market might be overvalued. Despite this, the market continued to climb into early 2020 before the pandemic-induced crash.
The Fear and Greed Index is a sentiment indicator and doesn't account for fundamental market factors. Traders should use it alongside technical analysis and additional indicators for a more comprehensive view.
*Remember that past performance does not guarantee future results, and the Fear and Greed Index works best when combined with additional tools – such as chart patterns and technical indicators – to help confirm its readings.
How does the Fear and Greed Index affect traders?
Using the Fear and Greed Index can help traders avoid making emotionally driven decisions. For example, it can prevent you from succumbing to the herd mentality of buying high during periods of greed or selling low during periods of fear. Instead, you can adopt a contrarian approach, capitalising on the emotional extremes of the market.
Moreover, the index can be used as part of a risk management strategy. By recognising periods of high volatility and uncertainty, you can adjust your position sizes, set appropriate stop-loss levels, and manage exposure to higher-risk positions.
However, the Fear and Greed Index should not be the sole basis for trading decisions. It’s a tool to complement other forms of analysis, such as fundamental and technical analysis.
